Bash Script to Create a Swap File in Linux

The Setup Swap Bash script will create a swap file on your Linux instance.

The intention is that you can remove and then re-create an existing swap file. This script is handy when you adjust your AWS Linux instance type. Use this script to create a swap that best suits your new AWS Linux instance type.

The Setup Swap Bash script does the following:

  • Remove the existing swap file (if it exists).
  • Determine the available memory on the Linux instance and calculate the correct swap size.
  • Create the new swap file.

The Setup Swap Bash script is based on the advice provided by AWS. Read “How do I allocate memory to work as swap space in an Amazon EC2 instance by using a swap file?” for more information.

This Bash script will set the swap size using the following guidelines:

  • less than 2 Gb RAM – swap size: 2 x the amount of RAM
  • more than 2 GB RAM, but less than 32 GB – swap size: 4 GB + (RAM – 2 GB)
  • 32 GB of RAM or more – swap size: 1 x the amount of RAM

How to run the Setup Swap Bash script

But, first, download the code and extract it to your home directory. Click here to download the code.

Ensure that the scripts have executed permissions.

sudo chmod 500 setupSwap*

Run the script via Bash as root.

sudo ./setupSwap.sh

Example output:

ubuntu@server:/home/ubuntu$ sudo ./setupSwap.sh

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
setupSwap - creates swap space on your server based on AWS guidelines
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

This will remove an existing swap file and then create a new one.
Please read the disclaimer and review the code before proceeding.

 ¿Do you want to proceed? (y/n): y

Swap has been configured. Will remove and then re-create the swap.

Will remove swap and backup fstab.

--> Done

Will create a swap and setup fstab.

-> Available Physical RAM: 7 Gb

   Memory is more than 2 Gb and less than to 32 Gb.
   -> Set swap size to 9 Gb.

Creating the swap file! This may take a few minutes.

-> Create swap file.

7168+0 records in
7168+0 records out
7516192768 bytes (7.5 GB, 7.0 GiB) copied, 97.8162 s, 76.8 MB/s
-> Set swap file permissions.

-> Create swap area.

Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 7 GiB (7516188672 bytes)
no label, UUID=06c51967-df9f-44cc-9740-67c0c3cc1f67
-> Turn on swap.

-> The fstab does not contain a swap entry. Adding an entry.

--> Done

The Setup Swap Bash script consists of two files:

  • setupSwap.sh – this is the Bash script you execute via the command line.
  • setupSwap.main.sh – Is used by setupSwap.sh and contains the functions.

The Setup Swap Bash script code

setupSwap.sh:

#!/usr/bin/env bash
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
#
# This script will create swap file if the swap file does not exist.
# It will disable the swap file and re-create it if it does exist. 
#
# Re-create the swap to adjust the size when you change AWS instance types.
#
# Based on advice from: 
# https://aws.amazon.com/premiumsupport/knowledge-center/ec2-memory-swap-file/
#
# USE THIS SCRIPT AT YOUR OWN RISK AND STUDY THE CODE CAREFULLY.
#
# For usage, login as root, run "./setupSwap.sh"
#
# Note the following assumptions:
# - you have enough disk-space for the new swap
#   - less than 2 Gb RAM - swap size: 2x the amount of RAM
#   - more than 2 GB RAM, but less than 32 GB - swap size: 4 GB + (RAM – 2 GB)
#   - 32 GB of RAM or more - swap size: 1x the amount of RAM
# - you are running as root user
# - your swap file is called: swapfile
#
# Revision history:
# 2019-04-15 Created (v0.1)
# 2019-04-15 Read total physical memory using /proc/meminfo instead
#
# Tested on:
# - Ubuntu Server 18.04 (On-Premise and Cloud (AWS)) - 2019-04-15
# - Amazon Linux 2 Cloud (AWS) - 2019-04-15
#
# DISCLAIMER:
# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
# the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
# (at your option) any later version.
#
# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
# GNU General Public License at <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/> for
# more details.

#main start

#check permissions
if [[ $EUID -ne 0 ]]; then
    echo ""
    echo "This script must be run as root! Login as root, sudo or su." 
    echo ""
    exit 1;
fi

#load code functions
source setupSwap.main.sh

#setup permissions for functions
chmod 500 setupSwap.main.sh

echo ""
echo "--------------------------------------------------------------------------"
echo "setupSwap - creates swap space on your server based on AWS guidelines"
echo "--------------------------------------------------------------------------"
echo ""
echo "This will remove an existing swap file and then create a new one. "
echo "Please read the disclaimer and review the code before proceeding."
echo ""

echo -n " ¿Do you want to proceed? (y/n): "; read proceed
if [ "$proceed" == "y" ]; then
    echo ""
    
    setupSwapMain

else

    echo "You chose to exit. Bye!"

fi

echo ""
echo "--------------------------------------------------------------------------"
echo ""

exit 0

setupSwap.main.sh:

#!/usr/bin/env bash
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
#
# RUN THIS SCRIPT VIA: setupSwap.sh, THIS SCRIPT IS USED BY setupSwap.sh
# READ THE NOTES AND DISCLAIMER WITHIN setupSwap.sh BEFORE RUNNING!
#

#remove disable swap, remove it and remove entry from fstab
removeSwap() {
    echo "Will remove swap and backup fstab."
    echo ""

    #get the date time to help the scripts
    backupTime=$(date +%y-%m-%d--%H-%M-%S)

    #get the swapfile name
    swapSpace=$(swapon -s | tail -1 |  awk '{print $1}' | cut -d '/' -f 2)
    #debug: echo $swapSpace

    #turn off swapping
    swapoff /$swapSpace

    #make backup of fstab
    cp /etc/fstab /etc/fstab.$backupTime
    
    #remove swap space entry from fstab
    sed -i "/swap/d" /etc/fstab

    #remove swapfile
    rm -f "/$swapSpace"

    echo ""
    echo "--> Done"
    echo ""
}

#spinner by: https://www.shellscript.sh/tips/spinner/
setupSwapSpinner() {
  spinner="/|\\-/|\\-"
  while :
  do
    for i in `seq 0 7`
    do
      echo -n "${spinner:$i:1}"
      echo -en "\010"
      sleep 1
    done
  done
}


#identifies available ram, calculate swap file size and configure
createSwap() {
    echo "Will create a swap and setup fstab."
    echo ""

    #get available physical ram
    availMemMb=$(grep MemTotal /proc/meminfo | awk '{print $2}')
    #debug: echo $availMemMb
    
    #convert from kb to mb to gb
    gb=$(awk "BEGIN {print $availMemMb/1024/1204}")
    #debug: echo $gb
    
    #round the number to nearest gb
    gb=$(echo $gb | awk '{print ($0-int($0)<0.499)?int($0):int($0)+1}')
    #debug: echo $gb

    echo "-> Available Physical RAM: $gb Gb"
    echo ""
    if [ $gb -eq 0 ]; then
        echo "Something went wrong! Memory cannot be 0!"
        exit 1;
    fi

    if [ $gb -le 2 ]; then
        echo "   Memory is less than or equal to 2 Gb"
        let swapSizeGb=$gb*2
        echo "   -> Set swap size to $swapSizeGb Gb"
    fi
    if [ $gb -gt 2 -a $gb -lt 32 ]; then
        echo "   Memory is more than 2 Gb and less than to 32 Gb."
        let swapSizeGb=4+$gb-2
        echo "   -> Set swap size to $swapSizeGb Gb."
    fi
    if [ $gb -gt 32 ]; then
        echo "   Memory is more than or equal to 32 Gb."
        let swapSizeGb=$gb
        echo "   -> Set swap size to $swapSizeGb Gb."
    fi
    echo ""

    echo "Creating the swap file! This may take a few minutes."
    echo ""

    #implement swap file

    #start the spinner:
    setupSwapSpinner &
    
    #make a note of its Process ID (PID):
    SPIN_PID=$!
    
    #kill the spinner on any signal, including our own exit.
    trap "kill -9 $SPIN_PID" `seq 0 15`

    #convert gb to mb to avoid error: dd-memory-exhausted-by-input-buffer-of-size-bytes
    let mb=$gb*1024

    #create swap file on root system and set file size to mb variable
    echo "-> Create swap file."
    echo ""
    dd if=/dev/zero of=/swapfile bs=1M count=$mb

    #set read and write permissions
    echo "-> Set swap file permissions."
    echo ""
    chmod 600 /swapfile

    #create swap area
    echo "-> Create swap area."
    echo ""
    mkswap /swapfile

    #enable swap file for use
    echo "-> Turn on swap."
    echo ""
    swapon /swapfile

    echo ""

    #update the fstab
    if grep -q "swap" /etc/fstab; then
        echo "-> The fstab contains a swap entry."
        #do nothing
    else
        echo "-> The fstab does not contain a swap entry. Adding an entry."
        echo "/swapfile swap swap defaults 0 0" >> /etc/fstab    
    fi

    echo ""
    echo "--> Done"
    echo ""

    exit 1
}

#the main function that is run by the calling script.
function setupSwapMain() {
    #check if swap is on
    isSwapOn=$(swapon -s | tail -1)

    if [[ "$isSwapOn" == "" ]]; then
        echo "No swap has been configured! Will create."
        echo ""

        createSwap
    else
        echo "Swap has been configured. Will remove and then re-create the swap."
        echo ""
        
        removeSwap
        createSwap
    fi

    echo "Setup swap complete! Check output to confirm everything is good."
}

Wrapping up

Note: You can use this Bash script for free, but note that it does not come with any warranty. Find other great Bash scripts https://anto.online/. Let us know if you found this script useful!

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About Anto Online

Anto, a seasoned technologist with over two decades of experience, has traversed the tech landscape from Desktop Support Engineer to enterprise application consultant, specializing in AWS serverless technologies. He guides clients in leveraging serverless solutions while passionately exploring cutting-edge cloud concepts beyond his daily work. Anto's dedication to continuous learning, experimentation, and collaboration makes him a true inspiration, igniting others' interest in the transformative power of cloud computing.

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